1 00:00:02,000 --> 00:00:07,000 Downloaded from YTS.MX 2 00:00:08,000 --> 00:00:13,000 Official YIFY movies site: YTS.MX 3 00:00:22,067 --> 00:00:24,067 the Titanic is one of the 4 00:00:24,067 --> 00:00:24,633 most famous and tragic 5 00:00:24,633 --> 00:00:28,300 stories of all time. 6 00:00:28,300 --> 00:00:28,900 But how she met her fate 7 00:00:28,900 --> 00:00:30,833 was not just the result of 8 00:00:30,833 --> 00:00:31,400 a collision between a 9 00:00:31,400 --> 00:00:33,700 liner and an iceberg. 10 00:00:36,133 --> 00:00:36,633 Paul Louden-Brown: From 11 00:00:36,633 --> 00:00:37,600 the very day that she was 12 00:00:37,600 --> 00:00:37,967 designed she was 13 00:00:37,967 --> 00:00:41,100 almost doomed'. 14 00:00:41,100 --> 00:00:41,600 Jennifer McCarty: There 15 00:00:41,600 --> 00:00:42,100 were a lot of questions 16 00:00:42,100 --> 00:00:42,567 surrounding what 17 00:00:42,567 --> 00:00:43,100 role the materials played 18 00:00:43,100 --> 00:00:48,967 in the sinking of the ship.' 19 00:00:48,967 --> 00:00:49,600 Narrator: Astonishing new 20 00:00:49,600 --> 00:00:51,067 scientific evidence 21 00:00:51,067 --> 00:00:51,600 reveals the chain of 22 00:00:51,600 --> 00:00:53,167 events that brought about 23 00:00:53,167 --> 00:00:53,800 the demise of a ship that 24 00:00:53,800 --> 00:00:59,800 was thought to be unsinkable, 25 00:00:59,800 --> 00:01:00,300 and led to the 26 00:01:00,300 --> 00:01:04,700 death of over 1500 people; 27 00:01:04,700 --> 00:01:05,367 One of the greatest maritime 28 00:01:05,367 --> 00:01:07,867 losses in modern history. 29 00:01:35,433 --> 00:01:36,067 Narrator: April 14th 1912, 30 00:01:36,067 --> 00:01:40,067 an iceberg with a mass of 31 00:01:40,067 --> 00:01:40,567 a million tons drifts 32 00:01:40,567 --> 00:02:04,300 into the path of Titanic. 33 00:02:04,300 --> 00:02:07,500 Fleet: Iceberg right ahead. 34 00:02:07,500 --> 00:02:12,367 Murdoch: Hard a star board! 35 00:02:12,367 --> 00:02:12,900 Narrator: They have 36 00:02:12,900 --> 00:02:21,300 seconds to react. 37 00:02:21,300 --> 00:02:21,833 At 11:39 pm, Titanic 38 00:02:21,833 --> 00:02:29,767 scrapes an iceberg. 39 00:02:29,767 --> 00:02:30,400 Officers believe they have 40 00:02:30,400 --> 00:02:34,933 avoided disaster, 41 00:02:34,933 --> 00:02:35,533 but below the waterline 42 00:02:35,533 --> 00:02:44,233 it's another story. 43 00:02:54,167 --> 00:02:54,733 Now, almost a hundred 44 00:02:54,733 --> 00:02:55,367 years later many questions 45 00:02:55,367 --> 00:02:59,767 remain unanswered, 46 00:02:59,767 --> 00:03:03,067 who or what was responsible? 47 00:03:03,067 --> 00:03:03,700 And why did the mightiest ship 48 00:03:03,700 --> 00:03:13,167 of her time sink so quickly? 49 00:03:13,167 --> 00:03:13,800 Jennifer Hooper McCarty is 50 00:03:13,800 --> 00:03:15,600 re-examining survivor 51 00:03:15,600 --> 00:03:16,167 testimony and forensic 52 00:03:16,167 --> 00:03:18,400 evidence recovered from 53 00:03:18,400 --> 00:03:18,933 the wreck to finally 54 00:03:18,933 --> 00:03:23,667 unravel the mystery. 55 00:03:23,667 --> 00:03:24,167 Jennifer Hooper-McCarty: 56 00:03:24,167 --> 00:03:24,600 We have very little 57 00:03:24,600 --> 00:03:25,067 knowledge of what that 58 00:03:25,067 --> 00:03:28,300 impact was like. 59 00:03:28,300 --> 00:03:28,800 What we do know is only 60 00:03:28,800 --> 00:03:29,267 based on the survivor 61 00:03:29,267 --> 00:03:37,933 testimony from 1912. 62 00:03:37,933 --> 00:03:38,567 Narrator: A public inquiry 63 00:03:38,567 --> 00:03:39,133 is held just two weeks 64 00:03:39,133 --> 00:03:43,833 after the disaster. 65 00:03:43,833 --> 00:03:44,300 The key witness 66 00:03:44,300 --> 00:03:46,267 is Bruce Ismay, 67 00:03:46,267 --> 00:03:46,767 the fifty year-old 68 00:03:46,767 --> 00:03:48,833 chairman of White Star, 69 00:03:48,833 --> 00:03:49,367 the shipping company 70 00:03:49,367 --> 00:03:51,833 that owned the Titanic. 71 00:03:51,833 --> 00:03:52,500 He is one of the few men who 72 00:03:52,500 --> 00:03:56,300 survived the maiden voyage. 73 00:03:56,300 --> 00:03:56,933 Also called to testify are 74 00:03:56,933 --> 00:03:58,767 wireless operator Harold 75 00:03:58,767 --> 00:03:59,367 Bride and second officer 76 00:03:59,367 --> 00:04:02,600 Charles Lightholler, 77 00:04:02,600 --> 00:04:03,067 the most senior 78 00:04:03,067 --> 00:04:07,100 officer to survive. 79 00:04:07,100 --> 00:04:07,600 These three men's 80 00:04:07,600 --> 00:04:08,167 testimony are vital in 81 00:04:08,167 --> 00:04:23,067 deciding who was to blame. 82 00:04:23,067 --> 00:04:23,533 Attorney General: I gather 83 00:04:23,533 --> 00:04:24,767 that you yourself gave the 84 00:04:24,767 --> 00:04:25,200 instructions for the 85 00:04:25,200 --> 00:04:28,267 building of Titanic 86 00:04:28,267 --> 00:04:29,333 Ismay: Yes. 87 00:04:29,333 --> 00:04:29,867 Attorney General: And you 88 00:04:29,867 --> 00:04:30,633 of course considered the 89 00:04:30,633 --> 00:04:31,133 question of floatability 90 00:04:31,133 --> 00:04:31,633 of this ship in cases of 91 00:04:31,633 --> 00:04:34,233 accident or emergency? 92 00:04:34,233 --> 00:04:39,067 Ismay: We did. 93 00:04:39,067 --> 00:04:39,633 Narrator: Two years before 94 00:04:39,633 --> 00:04:41,267 the scheduled launch date, 95 00:04:41,267 --> 00:04:41,867 Ismay met with his Chief 96 00:04:41,867 --> 00:04:47,067 Designer, Alexander Carlisle. 97 00:04:47,067 --> 00:04:47,700 They make what they think 98 00:04:47,700 --> 00:04:48,167 to be seemingly 99 00:04:48,167 --> 00:04:50,833 insignificant changes, 100 00:04:50,833 --> 00:04:51,400 given the many safety 101 00:04:51,400 --> 00:04:54,167 features Titanic will boast. 102 00:04:54,167 --> 00:04:54,700 Ismay: The staircase needs 103 00:04:54,700 --> 00:04:56,867 to be much grander. 104 00:04:56,867 --> 00:04:57,367 Carlisle: The bulkheads 105 00:04:57,367 --> 00:04:58,900 will have to be lowered. 106 00:04:58,900 --> 00:05:00,200 Ismay: Is there a problem. 107 00:05:00,200 --> 00:05:01,267 Isn't she safe? 108 00:05:01,267 --> 00:05:04,700 Carlisle: Of course. 109 00:05:04,700 --> 00:05:05,333 Narrator: The bulkhead is 110 00:05:05,333 --> 00:05:06,367 a partition used to create 111 00:05:06,367 --> 00:05:07,067 watertight compartments or 112 00:05:07,067 --> 00:05:13,833 cells in the hull of the ship. 113 00:05:13,833 --> 00:05:14,467 The higher the bulkheads, 114 00:05:14,467 --> 00:05:17,067 the safer the ship, 115 00:05:17,067 --> 00:05:17,667 as it would be more likely 116 00:05:17,667 --> 00:05:18,700 that water could be 117 00:05:18,700 --> 00:05:19,233 contained within any 118 00:05:19,233 --> 00:05:26,967 damaged compartments. 119 00:05:26,967 --> 00:05:27,400 Each of the sixteen 120 00:05:27,400 --> 00:05:29,533 compartments are watertight. 121 00:05:29,533 --> 00:05:30,067 In the event of a leak 122 00:05:30,067 --> 00:05:31,833 each compartment can be 123 00:05:31,833 --> 00:05:32,167 sealed off by 124 00:05:32,167 --> 00:05:32,667 an electric powered door 125 00:05:32,667 --> 00:05:34,267 operated from the bridge. 126 00:05:34,267 --> 00:05:34,900 Even if four of the compartments 127 00:05:34,900 --> 00:05:37,233 flood, she'll stay afloat. 128 00:05:37,233 --> 00:05:37,900 Ismay: Good. 129 00:05:37,900 --> 00:05:40,933 Let's lower the bulkheads then. 130 00:05:40,933 --> 00:05:41,533 Narrator: The height of 131 00:05:41,533 --> 00:05:42,600 the watertight compartments 132 00:05:42,600 --> 00:05:43,067 will be reduced 133 00:05:43,067 --> 00:05:44,067 to as low as only 134 00:05:44,067 --> 00:05:52,867 10 feet above the water line. 135 00:05:52,867 --> 00:05:53,300 Ismay: The boat deck 136 00:05:53,300 --> 00:05:55,900 should not be so cluttered. 137 00:05:55,900 --> 00:05:56,733 Carlisle: Cluttered? 138 00:05:56,733 --> 00:05:57,333 Ismay: Yes, cluttered, people 139 00:05:57,333 --> 00:06:01,300 don't pay to look at lifeboats. 140 00:06:01,300 --> 00:06:01,933 Carlisle: I thought forty-eight 141 00:06:01,933 --> 00:06:04,267 to be a reasonable amount, 142 00:06:04,267 --> 00:06:04,900 especially if the Board of Trade 143 00:06:04,900 --> 00:06:06,333 increase their requirements. 144 00:06:06,333 --> 00:06:06,800 Ismay: Well let's not 145 00:06:06,800 --> 00:06:07,300 second guess the British 146 00:06:07,300 --> 00:06:10,167 Board of Trade shall we. 147 00:06:10,167 --> 00:06:11,600 Let's move on. 148 00:06:11,600 --> 00:06:12,067 Attorney General: 149 00:06:12,067 --> 00:06:13,433 And this meeting with 150 00:06:13,433 --> 00:06:15,733 Mr. Ismay lasted four hours? 151 00:06:15,733 --> 00:06:16,233 Carlisle: Yes we talked 152 00:06:16,233 --> 00:06:17,300 about the whole of the 153 00:06:17,300 --> 00:06:18,800 decorations of the ship. 154 00:06:18,800 --> 00:06:19,300 Attorney General: Never 155 00:06:19,300 --> 00:06:20,067 mind the decorations, 156 00:06:20,067 --> 00:06:21,967 we are talking about lifeboats. 157 00:06:21,967 --> 00:06:22,433 Carlisle: The lifeboat 158 00:06:22,433 --> 00:06:22,867 part I suppose took 159 00:06:22,867 --> 00:06:24,533 about five or ten minutes. 160 00:06:24,533 --> 00:06:25,067 Attorney General: And how 161 00:06:25,067 --> 00:06:25,867 many lifeboats did you 162 00:06:25,867 --> 00:06:27,867 think there ought to be? 163 00:06:27,867 --> 00:06:28,300 Carlisle: I thought 164 00:06:28,300 --> 00:06:28,800 there ought to be three 165 00:06:28,800 --> 00:06:30,500 on each set of davits. 166 00:06:30,500 --> 00:06:31,067 Attorney General: How many 167 00:06:31,067 --> 00:06:33,367 would that make altogether? 168 00:06:33,367 --> 00:06:34,500 Carlisle: Forty-eight boats. 169 00:06:34,500 --> 00:06:34,967 Attorney General: You 170 00:06:34,967 --> 00:06:37,167 thought there ought to be 48? 171 00:06:37,167 --> 00:06:38,967 Carlisle: Yes. 172 00:06:38,967 --> 00:06:39,500 Attorney General: Whereas, 173 00:06:39,500 --> 00:06:40,367 in point of fact, 174 00:06:40,367 --> 00:06:42,967 how many were there? 175 00:06:42,967 --> 00:06:44,467 Carlisle: Sixteen. 176 00:06:44,467 --> 00:06:51,933 Attorney General: Sixteen. 177 00:06:51,933 --> 00:06:52,300 Narrator: 178 00:06:52,300 --> 00:06:52,867 While Carlisle changes 179 00:06:52,867 --> 00:06:55,267 his designs for the Titanic, 180 00:06:55,267 --> 00:06:55,767 2000 miles away on 181 00:06:55,767 --> 00:06:58,900 the west Greenland coast, 182 00:06:58,900 --> 00:06:59,467 a glacier, made of ten 183 00:06:59,467 --> 00:07:00,833 thousand year-old snow, 184 00:07:00,833 --> 00:07:03,867 reaches the ocean. 185 00:07:03,867 --> 00:07:04,567 A mass of ice, weighing up to 186 00:07:04,567 --> 00:07:13,900 two million tons breaks free. 187 00:07:13,900 --> 00:07:14,500 It is one of 40 thousand 188 00:07:14,500 --> 00:07:15,100 icebergs born each year 189 00:07:15,100 --> 00:07:21,667 along the Greenland coast. 190 00:07:21,667 --> 00:07:22,200 One month later, the 191 00:07:22,200 --> 00:07:23,867 currents carry it on an 192 00:07:23,867 --> 00:07:24,500 unlikely two year journey 193 00:07:24,500 --> 00:07:26,800 that will take it around 194 00:07:26,800 --> 00:07:27,333 Baffin Bay and on to 195 00:07:27,333 --> 00:07:32,433 Newfoundland. 196 00:07:32,433 --> 00:07:32,833 April 1910, 197 00:07:32,833 --> 00:07:33,433 as the iceberg drifts up 198 00:07:33,433 --> 00:07:37,200 the West Greenland coast, 199 00:07:37,200 --> 00:07:37,800 work begins on building 200 00:07:37,800 --> 00:07:42,600 the hull of the Titanic. 201 00:07:42,600 --> 00:07:44,800 Shipbuilding is in transition. 202 00:07:44,800 --> 00:07:45,367 Machines are replacing 203 00:07:45,367 --> 00:07:49,767 men, steel replacing iron. 204 00:07:49,767 --> 00:07:50,400 Builders want the hull to 205 00:07:50,400 --> 00:07:52,200 be made of steel plates 206 00:07:52,200 --> 00:07:52,700 held together with 207 00:07:52,700 --> 00:07:54,133 mechanical fasteners 208 00:07:54,133 --> 00:07:54,733 called rivets which are 209 00:07:54,733 --> 00:07:57,633 inserted through aligned 210 00:07:57,633 --> 00:08:00,400 holes in the hull plate. 211 00:08:00,400 --> 00:08:01,067 For optimum strength these 212 00:08:01,067 --> 00:08:03,233 would be made from steel, 213 00:08:03,233 --> 00:08:05,333 which is stronger than iron. 214 00:08:05,333 --> 00:08:05,967 But inserting these steel 215 00:08:05,967 --> 00:08:07,400 rivets is only possible 216 00:08:07,400 --> 00:08:08,067 using a large pneumatic 217 00:08:08,067 --> 00:08:11,633 riveting machine. 218 00:08:11,633 --> 00:08:12,167 The equipment is too 219 00:08:12,167 --> 00:08:12,767 bulky to be used in the 220 00:08:12,767 --> 00:08:16,067 curved areas of the ship. 221 00:08:16,067 --> 00:08:16,633 So instead, men seal the 222 00:08:16,633 --> 00:08:19,067 plates with materials that 223 00:08:19,067 --> 00:08:19,433 are easier to 224 00:08:19,433 --> 00:08:22,067 hammer into place, 225 00:08:22,067 --> 00:08:25,067 rivets made of wrought iron. 226 00:08:25,067 --> 00:08:25,567 This will potentially 227 00:08:25,567 --> 00:08:26,900 weaken a small area of the 228 00:08:26,900 --> 00:08:27,433 bow section but is a 229 00:08:27,433 --> 00:08:30,867 widespread practice, 230 00:08:30,867 --> 00:08:31,400 and nothing unusual 231 00:08:31,400 --> 00:08:34,800 had ever come of it. 232 00:08:34,800 --> 00:08:35,300 The Captain chosen 233 00:08:35,300 --> 00:08:35,867 for the maiden voyage 234 00:08:35,867 --> 00:08:38,867 is Edward John Smith, 235 00:08:38,867 --> 00:08:39,533 the most experienced Captain 236 00:08:39,533 --> 00:08:42,167 in the White Star line. 237 00:08:42,167 --> 00:08:42,700 It is to be his last 238 00:08:42,700 --> 00:08:46,967 voyage before retiring. 239 00:08:46,967 --> 00:08:47,367 Paul Louden-Brown: 240 00:08:47,367 --> 00:08:47,867 Smith was nicknamed the 241 00:08:47,867 --> 00:08:49,700 millionaire's captain. 242 00:08:49,700 --> 00:08:50,200 People like, Guggenheim, 243 00:08:50,200 --> 00:08:52,300 or even JP Morgan, 244 00:08:52,300 --> 00:08:52,867 would actually change their 245 00:08:52,867 --> 00:08:54,833 sailings and their travel 246 00:08:54,833 --> 00:08:55,367 arrangements so that they 247 00:08:55,367 --> 00:08:58,433 could sail in a ship 248 00:08:58,433 --> 00:09:02,267 commanded by Captain Smith. 249 00:09:02,267 --> 00:09:02,800 Narrator: March 1912 250 00:09:02,800 --> 00:09:05,267 Titanic's sister ship, 251 00:09:05,267 --> 00:09:05,867 the Olympic, returns for 252 00:09:05,867 --> 00:09:08,533 emergency repairs, 253 00:09:08,533 --> 00:09:09,067 so work on the final 254 00:09:09,067 --> 00:09:09,633 stages of the Titanic 255 00:09:09,633 --> 00:09:14,300 comes to a standstill. 256 00:09:14,300 --> 00:09:14,900 Titanic's Maiden voyage 257 00:09:14,900 --> 00:09:17,233 pushes back a month. 258 00:09:17,233 --> 00:09:17,833 She will now sail in mid 259 00:09:17,833 --> 00:09:20,233 April, the month when most 260 00:09:20,233 --> 00:09:20,867 icebergs appear in the shipping 261 00:09:20,867 --> 00:09:24,133 lanes in the North Atlantic. 262 00:09:26,467 --> 00:09:27,100 Narrator: April 2nd 1912, 263 00:09:27,100 --> 00:09:30,333 the Titanic leaves Belfast 264 00:09:30,333 --> 00:09:30,933 for Southampton where it 265 00:09:30,933 --> 00:09:34,500 picks up its first passengers. 266 00:09:34,500 --> 00:09:35,100 The unexpected delay of 267 00:09:35,100 --> 00:09:37,367 the Titanic's maiden voyage 268 00:09:37,367 --> 00:09:37,800 forces Captain 269 00:09:37,800 --> 00:09:39,333 Smith into making a 270 00:09:39,333 --> 00:09:39,900 last minute reshuffle 271 00:09:39,900 --> 00:09:46,500 of the crew. 272 00:09:46,500 --> 00:09:46,933 Captain Smith: Good 273 00:09:46,933 --> 00:09:50,333 afternoon gentlemen. 274 00:09:50,333 --> 00:09:50,900 As you all know the Olympic 275 00:09:50,900 --> 00:09:55,333 is currently laid up. 276 00:09:55,333 --> 00:09:55,800 It has therefore been 277 00:09:55,800 --> 00:09:58,100 decided that the Olympic's 278 00:09:58,100 --> 00:09:58,667 chief officer Mr. Wild will 279 00:09:58,667 --> 00:10:02,367 be joining us as chief officer. 280 00:10:02,367 --> 00:10:02,867 So Mr. Murdoch you will 281 00:10:02,867 --> 00:10:05,067 now be first officer and 282 00:10:05,067 --> 00:10:05,467 Mr. Lightoller you 283 00:10:05,467 --> 00:10:09,700 will be second officer. 284 00:10:09,700 --> 00:10:10,300 Mr. Blair I would like to have 285 00:10:10,300 --> 00:10:17,967 a word with you in private. 286 00:10:17,967 --> 00:10:20,767 Lightoller: Can you believe it. 287 00:10:20,767 --> 00:10:21,367 Narrator: The arrival of 288 00:10:21,367 --> 00:10:22,767 officers from the Olympic 289 00:10:22,767 --> 00:10:23,333 means that Murdoch and 290 00:10:23,333 --> 00:10:26,300 Lightoller are both demoted. 291 00:10:26,300 --> 00:10:26,900 Second officer Blair is 292 00:10:26,900 --> 00:10:29,767 asked to leave the ship. 293 00:10:29,767 --> 00:10:30,400 In his haste to disembark 294 00:10:30,400 --> 00:10:32,567 Blair accidentally takes 295 00:10:32,567 --> 00:10:34,967 with him the key to his locker, 296 00:10:34,967 --> 00:10:35,467 which contains the 297 00:10:35,467 --> 00:10:36,133 binoculars for the look-outs 298 00:10:36,133 --> 00:10:42,600 in the crow's nest. 299 00:10:42,600 --> 00:10:43,233 The day before its maiden 300 00:10:43,233 --> 00:10:45,133 voyage to New York, 301 00:10:45,133 --> 00:10:45,733 the Titanic is given its 302 00:10:45,733 --> 00:10:46,333 final check by a British 303 00:10:46,333 --> 00:10:49,800 Board of Trade inspector. 304 00:10:49,800 --> 00:10:50,233 Lightoller: Sixteen 305 00:10:50,233 --> 00:10:51,633 standard lifeboats, 306 00:10:51,633 --> 00:10:52,033 passenger capacity 307 00:10:52,033 --> 00:10:53,667 sixty-five, 308 00:10:53,667 --> 00:10:57,867 seventy if push comes to shove. 309 00:10:57,867 --> 00:10:58,433 Narrator: The size of 310 00:10:58,433 --> 00:11:00,233 ocean liners has quadrupled 311 00:11:00,233 --> 00:11:02,433 in the last fifteen years, 312 00:11:02,433 --> 00:11:03,067 but the board of trade's 313 00:11:03,067 --> 00:11:04,367 lifeboat regulations 314 00:11:04,367 --> 00:11:07,267 have remained the same. 315 00:11:07,267 --> 00:11:09,200 The Titanic is approved. 316 00:11:09,200 --> 00:11:09,733 Sixteen lifeboats is 317 00:11:09,733 --> 00:11:10,267 deemed satisfactory 318 00:11:10,267 --> 00:11:19,833 for over 2000 people. 319 00:11:19,833 --> 00:11:20,333 RMS Titanic leaves 320 00:11:20,333 --> 00:11:22,933 Southampton docks for New York 321 00:11:22,933 --> 00:11:23,500 with six hundred crew 322 00:11:23,500 --> 00:11:29,067 and over 1500 passengers. 323 00:11:29,067 --> 00:11:29,567 Titanic isn't just 324 00:11:29,567 --> 00:11:31,633 carrying millionaires; 325 00:11:31,633 --> 00:11:32,167 many are third class 326 00:11:32,167 --> 00:11:33,600 passengers emigrating 327 00:11:33,600 --> 00:11:34,200 to the United States in 328 00:11:34,200 --> 00:11:37,733 search of a new life. 329 00:11:37,733 --> 00:11:38,333 The last living survivor 330 00:11:38,333 --> 00:11:40,633 is Millvina Dean, 331 00:11:40,633 --> 00:11:41,233 then a ten week old baby 332 00:11:41,233 --> 00:11:45,367 traveling with her parents. 333 00:11:45,367 --> 00:11:45,867 Millvina Dean: My father 334 00:11:45,867 --> 00:11:47,300 was going to open a 335 00:11:47,300 --> 00:11:47,733 tobacconists shop in 336 00:11:47,733 --> 00:11:49,400 Kansas, so he spent all 337 00:11:49,400 --> 00:11:49,933 his money on that and then 338 00:11:49,933 --> 00:11:51,867 couldn't afford 339 00:11:51,867 --> 00:11:52,300 to do anything else 340 00:11:52,300 --> 00:11:54,500 but go third class. 341 00:11:54,500 --> 00:11:54,967 Because it was such a 342 00:11:54,967 --> 00:11:56,533 luxury ship, 343 00:11:56,533 --> 00:11:57,067 all the millionaires were 344 00:11:57,067 --> 00:11:59,900 on it and also the most 345 00:11:59,900 --> 00:12:00,467 important thing was they 346 00:12:00,467 --> 00:12:11,067 said it was unsinkable. 347 00:12:11,067 --> 00:12:11,667 Narrator: After picking 348 00:12:11,667 --> 00:12:12,167 up more passengers 349 00:12:12,167 --> 00:12:14,467 in France and Ireland, 350 00:12:14,467 --> 00:12:15,100 Captain Smith's plan is to 351 00:12:15,100 --> 00:12:24,567 cross the Atlantic in six days. 352 00:12:24,567 --> 00:12:25,133 He will need to cross 353 00:12:25,133 --> 00:12:25,667 the 3000 mile ocean 354 00:12:25,667 --> 00:12:29,467 at just over 19 knots, 355 00:12:29,467 --> 00:12:29,967 the equivalent of 356 00:12:29,967 --> 00:12:40,667 22 miles per hour. 357 00:12:40,667 --> 00:12:41,267 To avoid the spring time 358 00:12:41,267 --> 00:12:43,300 icebergs Captain Smith 359 00:12:43,300 --> 00:12:43,867 plots a southern route 360 00:12:43,867 --> 00:12:48,267 across the Atlantic. 361 00:12:48,267 --> 00:12:48,867 By going this far south 362 00:12:48,867 --> 00:12:49,500 he will take the ship out 363 00:12:49,500 --> 00:12:55,067 of the known ice region. 364 00:12:55,067 --> 00:12:55,633 But the vast white iceberg 365 00:12:55,633 --> 00:12:57,833 continues to drift 366 00:12:57,833 --> 00:12:58,400 even further southward 367 00:12:58,400 --> 00:13:02,533 towards the Grand Banks. 368 00:13:02,533 --> 00:13:03,133 Despite being eroded by 369 00:13:03,133 --> 00:13:05,633 the sea, it is still over 370 00:13:05,633 --> 00:13:06,167 four times the size 371 00:13:06,167 --> 00:13:25,233 of the Titanic. 372 00:13:25,233 --> 00:13:25,900 The Titanic is already over 373 00:13:25,900 --> 00:13:30,300 half way across the Atlantic. 374 00:13:30,300 --> 00:13:30,900 Her 200-foot tall masts 375 00:13:30,900 --> 00:13:33,100 support aerials that allow 376 00:13:33,100 --> 00:13:33,633 her state of the art 377 00:13:33,633 --> 00:13:35,200 wireless system to 378 00:13:35,200 --> 00:13:35,767 communicate with other 379 00:13:35,767 --> 00:13:41,333 ships up to 400 miles away. 380 00:13:41,333 --> 00:13:41,967 Ships use this to send and 381 00:13:41,967 --> 00:13:44,600 receive weather reports, 382 00:13:44,600 --> 00:13:45,200 check positions and call 383 00:13:45,200 --> 00:13:49,067 for help in emergencies. 384 00:13:49,067 --> 00:13:49,700 Midday, Sunday April 14th 385 00:13:49,700 --> 00:13:52,800 Titanic receives the 386 00:13:52,800 --> 00:13:55,867 second ice warning of the day. 387 00:13:55,867 --> 00:13:56,467 It is from the steamship 388 00:13:56,467 --> 00:13:58,167 Baltic and gives the 389 00:13:58,167 --> 00:13:58,800 location of a region that 390 00:13:58,800 --> 00:14:04,367 contains icebergs. 391 00:14:04,367 --> 00:14:05,067 The MSG prefix would show it 392 00:14:05,067 --> 00:14:08,767 was for the Captains attention. 393 00:14:08,767 --> 00:14:09,333 There will be five ice 394 00:14:09,333 --> 00:14:11,800 warnings during the day, 395 00:14:11,800 --> 00:14:12,433 but this will be the last 396 00:14:12,433 --> 00:14:16,633 that the Captain will receive. 397 00:14:16,633 --> 00:14:17,233 Captain Smith planned a 398 00:14:17,233 --> 00:14:18,567 change in course 399 00:14:18,567 --> 00:14:19,067 from South West to 400 00:14:19,067 --> 00:14:22,533 due West at 5:30 pm. 401 00:14:22,533 --> 00:14:23,167 But, he delays the change 402 00:14:23,167 --> 00:14:25,600 in direction by 20 minutes 403 00:14:25,600 --> 00:14:26,133 to allow the ship to 404 00:14:26,133 --> 00:14:28,233 travel further South and 405 00:14:28,233 --> 00:14:28,767 avoid the ice region 406 00:14:28,767 --> 00:14:29,367 reported in the Baltic's 407 00:14:29,367 --> 00:14:41,800 wireless message. 408 00:14:41,800 --> 00:14:42,067 Smith: 409 00:14:42,067 --> 00:14:47,167 South 86 West Mr. Hitchins. 410 00:14:47,167 --> 00:14:53,133 Steady as she goes. 411 00:14:53,133 --> 00:14:53,700 Narrator: The Captain 412 00:14:53,700 --> 00:14:54,400 believes he is heading 413 00:14:54,400 --> 00:14:55,067 toward a safe area of the 414 00:14:55,067 --> 00:14:56,700 gulf stream where there 415 00:14:56,700 --> 00:14:57,233 are no icebergs, but 416 00:14:57,233 --> 00:15:00,133 unbeknown to him he takes 417 00:15:00,133 --> 00:15:00,833 the Ship in a direct collision 418 00:15:00,833 --> 00:15:16,067 course with the iceberg. 419 00:15:16,067 --> 00:15:16,633 In 1912 a phenomenon takes 420 00:15:16,633 --> 00:15:19,167 place that allowed icebergs 421 00:15:19,167 --> 00:15:19,767 to travel further South 422 00:15:19,767 --> 00:15:23,600 than is thought possible. 423 00:15:23,600 --> 00:15:24,233 The cold Labrador current 424 00:15:24,233 --> 00:15:25,800 that pushes itself into 425 00:15:25,800 --> 00:15:26,367 the gulf stream forms 426 00:15:26,367 --> 00:15:26,967 a cold protective layer 427 00:15:26,967 --> 00:15:31,133 around the iceberg. 428 00:15:31,133 --> 00:15:31,533 Donald Murphy: The 429 00:15:31,533 --> 00:15:32,467 Labrador current goes 430 00:15:32,467 --> 00:15:32,933 where the gulf stream 431 00:15:32,933 --> 00:15:35,667 permits it to go. 432 00:15:35,667 --> 00:15:36,167 Depending upon the exact 433 00:15:36,167 --> 00:15:39,500 location of the gulf stream 434 00:15:39,500 --> 00:15:39,900 the cold water can 435 00:15:39,900 --> 00:15:42,300 move quite far to the 436 00:15:42,300 --> 00:15:44,667 South of the tail of the bank. 437 00:15:44,667 --> 00:15:45,133 If the gulf stream is 438 00:15:45,133 --> 00:15:47,167 southward moving you have 439 00:15:47,167 --> 00:15:47,633 relatively cold water 440 00:15:47,633 --> 00:15:50,467 pushing very far South into 441 00:15:50,467 --> 00:15:51,067 the North Atlantic Ocean, 442 00:15:51,067 --> 00:15:53,067 into the shipping lanes. 443 00:15:53,067 --> 00:15:53,567 In recent years icebergs 444 00:15:53,567 --> 00:15:54,100 have moved as far South as 445 00:15:54,100 --> 00:16:00,767 latitude of Philadelphia. 446 00:16:00,767 --> 00:16:01,367 Narrator: As the iceberg 447 00:16:01,367 --> 00:16:02,933 moves into the shipping 448 00:16:02,933 --> 00:16:03,567 lanes it is seen by other 449 00:16:03,567 --> 00:16:04,167 ships that send wireless 450 00:16:04,167 --> 00:16:08,067 warnings to the Titanic. 451 00:16:08,067 --> 00:16:08,633 But, the inquiry will 452 00:16:08,633 --> 00:16:10,400 later learn that these 453 00:16:10,400 --> 00:16:10,933 messages will never 454 00:16:10,933 --> 00:16:16,067 reach the Captain. 455 00:16:16,067 --> 00:16:16,733 The wireless operators on the 456 00:16:16,733 --> 00:16:19,933 Titanic serve two functions: 457 00:16:19,933 --> 00:16:20,433 they relay weather 458 00:16:20,433 --> 00:16:22,567 reports and ice warnings, 459 00:16:22,567 --> 00:16:23,100 but what pays their 460 00:16:23,100 --> 00:16:24,567 salary is sending and 461 00:16:24,567 --> 00:16:25,200 receiving messages for the 462 00:16:25,200 --> 00:16:32,433 wealthy passengers on board. 463 00:16:32,433 --> 00:16:33,067 At 7:20 pm, Bride finishes 464 00:16:33,067 --> 00:16:35,633 his accounts, and then 465 00:16:35,633 --> 00:16:36,200 intercepts the message 466 00:16:36,200 --> 00:16:38,767 from the Californian, 467 00:16:38,767 --> 00:16:39,367 it warns of three large 468 00:16:39,367 --> 00:16:41,933 icebergs seen at 42 North, 469 00:16:41,933 --> 00:16:42,533 49 West, directly in the 470 00:16:42,533 --> 00:16:50,500 path of the Titanic. 471 00:16:50,500 --> 00:16:51,067 Bride: It's for the Captain; 472 00:16:51,067 --> 00:16:54,933 I'm going to the bridge. 473 00:16:54,933 --> 00:16:55,500 Narrator: But Captain 474 00:16:55,500 --> 00:16:56,400 Smith has already left the 475 00:16:56,400 --> 00:16:57,067 bridge and is now dining 476 00:16:57,067 --> 00:17:00,833 with passengers. 477 00:17:00,833 --> 00:17:01,433 Had Bride taken down the 478 00:17:01,433 --> 00:17:02,800 message earlier, 479 00:17:02,800 --> 00:17:03,367 the Captain would have 480 00:17:03,367 --> 00:17:04,067 received it and could have 481 00:17:04,067 --> 00:17:08,567 taken evasive action. 482 00:17:08,567 --> 00:17:09,100 Attorney General: And you 483 00:17:09,100 --> 00:17:10,233 simply delivered it to an 484 00:17:10,233 --> 00:17:12,767 officer on the bridge. 485 00:17:12,767 --> 00:17:18,767 Bride: It's for the Captain. 486 00:17:18,767 --> 00:17:21,067 Attorney General: Which officer? 487 00:17:21,067 --> 00:17:25,600 Bride: I can't remember. 488 00:17:25,600 --> 00:17:26,167 Narrator: None of the 489 00:17:26,167 --> 00:17:26,900 surviving officers 490 00:17:26,900 --> 00:17:27,400 recall ever seeing 491 00:17:27,400 --> 00:17:30,167 this vital message. 492 00:17:30,167 --> 00:17:30,800 To this day, nobody knows 493 00:17:30,800 --> 00:17:33,600 if the message was delivered. 494 00:17:33,600 --> 00:17:34,133 Titanic unwittingly 495 00:17:34,133 --> 00:17:34,700 steams ahead into the 496 00:17:34,700 --> 00:17:37,833 path of the iceberg. 497 00:17:41,933 --> 00:17:42,567 Narrator: April 14th 1912, 498 00:17:42,567 --> 00:17:45,600 The Titanic heads toward 499 00:17:45,600 --> 00:17:46,233 The United States at 24mph with 500 00:17:46,233 --> 00:17:58,267 over 1300 passengers aboard. 501 00:17:58,267 --> 00:17:58,900 Captain Smith checks the bridge 502 00:17:58,900 --> 00:18:04,100 before retiring for the night. 503 00:18:04,100 --> 00:18:05,833 Smith: It's cold. 504 00:18:05,833 --> 00:18:07,933 Lightoller: Yes, it is cold sir. 505 00:18:07,933 --> 00:18:08,267 Captain Smith: 506 00:18:08,267 --> 00:18:10,833 Not much wind either 507 00:18:10,833 --> 00:18:11,833 Lightoller: No sir. 508 00:18:11,833 --> 00:18:12,267 As a matter of fact, 509 00:18:12,267 --> 00:18:14,633 it's a flat calm. 510 00:18:14,633 --> 00:18:14,967 Captain Smith: 511 00:18:14,967 --> 00:18:20,200 Yes, a flat calm. 512 00:18:20,200 --> 00:18:20,733 Attorney General: You both 513 00:18:20,733 --> 00:18:21,533 realized at the time, 514 00:18:21,533 --> 00:18:22,100 did you that since it was a 515 00:18:22,100 --> 00:18:24,833 flat calm it would be more 516 00:18:24,833 --> 00:18:27,867 difficult to see the ice. 517 00:18:27,867 --> 00:18:28,467 Lightoller: As far as the case 518 00:18:28,467 --> 00:18:31,733 of the berg was concerned, yes. 519 00:18:31,733 --> 00:18:34,300 It would be much more difficult. 520 00:18:34,300 --> 00:18:34,733 Naturally you would 521 00:18:34,733 --> 00:18:35,267 not see the water breaking 522 00:18:35,267 --> 00:18:38,800 on it if there was no wind. 523 00:18:38,800 --> 00:18:39,167 So you would not 524 00:18:39,167 --> 00:18:47,967 have that to look for. 525 00:18:47,967 --> 00:18:48,467 Attorney General: If you 526 00:18:48,467 --> 00:18:49,467 were placed in similar 527 00:18:49,467 --> 00:18:50,067 circumstances would you still 528 00:18:50,067 --> 00:18:52,500 bang on at 21 and a half knots? 529 00:18:52,500 --> 00:18:53,067 Lightoller: Well that looks 530 00:18:53,067 --> 00:18:55,933 like carelessness you know, 531 00:18:55,933 --> 00:18:56,267 that we should 532 00:18:56,267 --> 00:18:57,533 recklessly bang on and 533 00:18:57,533 --> 00:18:58,067 slap her into an iceberg 534 00:18:58,067 --> 00:19:01,967 regardless of anything. 535 00:19:01,967 --> 00:19:02,367 But undoubtedly we 536 00:19:02,367 --> 00:19:04,600 should not do that. 537 00:19:04,600 --> 00:19:05,100 Attorney General: What I 538 00:19:05,100 --> 00:19:05,933 want to suggest to you is 539 00:19:05,933 --> 00:19:06,433 that was recklessness in 540 00:19:06,433 --> 00:19:09,367 view of the abnormal 541 00:19:09,367 --> 00:19:09,900 conditions and in view of 542 00:19:09,900 --> 00:19:11,800 the knowledge you had that 543 00:19:11,800 --> 00:19:12,300 ice was in the immediate 544 00:19:12,300 --> 00:19:12,733 vicinity to proceed 545 00:19:12,733 --> 00:19:18,367 at 21 and a half knots. 546 00:19:18,367 --> 00:19:18,900 Lightoller: Then all I can 547 00:19:18,900 --> 00:19:19,833 say is that recklessness 548 00:19:19,833 --> 00:19:20,300 applies to practically 549 00:19:20,300 --> 00:19:22,133 every commander in every 550 00:19:22,133 --> 00:19:22,600 ship that crosses the 551 00:19:22,600 --> 00:19:31,700 Atlantic ocean. 552 00:19:31,700 --> 00:19:32,333 Narrator: In the wireless 553 00:19:32,333 --> 00:19:33,533 room, Philips has a two hour 554 00:19:33,533 --> 00:19:34,067 window to send every 555 00:19:34,067 --> 00:19:36,633 passenger message while 556 00:19:36,633 --> 00:19:37,067 the Titanic is 557 00:19:37,067 --> 00:19:37,700 in range of the Cape Race 558 00:19:37,700 --> 00:19:41,367 receiver at Newfoundland. 559 00:19:41,367 --> 00:19:41,967 He is interrupted by the 560 00:19:41,967 --> 00:19:43,167 fifth and the most 561 00:19:43,167 --> 00:19:43,567 critical ice 562 00:19:43,567 --> 00:19:46,067 warning of the day. 563 00:19:46,067 --> 00:19:46,633 It is from another ship, 564 00:19:46,633 --> 00:19:49,467 the SS Mesaba. 565 00:19:49,467 --> 00:19:49,933 The Mesaba gives 566 00:19:49,933 --> 00:19:50,533 the precise location of 567 00:19:50,533 --> 00:19:54,067 an area containing icebergs; 568 00:19:54,067 --> 00:19:54,533 only 50 miles away 569 00:19:54,533 --> 00:19:59,400 from the Titanic. 570 00:19:59,400 --> 00:20:00,067 This would alert the 571 00:20:00,067 --> 00:20:01,433 Captain that the Titanic 572 00:20:01,433 --> 00:20:01,967 is heading straight 573 00:20:01,967 --> 00:20:04,533 towards the iceberg. 574 00:20:04,533 --> 00:20:05,233 But the warning comes without 575 00:20:05,233 --> 00:20:09,633 the critical MSG prefix. 576 00:20:09,633 --> 00:20:10,200 Philips interprets the 577 00:20:10,200 --> 00:20:12,167 message as non urgent and 578 00:20:12,167 --> 00:20:12,700 goes back to sending 579 00:20:12,700 --> 00:20:17,900 passenger messages. 580 00:20:17,900 --> 00:20:18,500 The closest ship to the 581 00:20:18,500 --> 00:20:20,900 Titanic, the Californian, 582 00:20:20,900 --> 00:20:22,767 also sends a message. 583 00:20:22,767 --> 00:20:23,433 She has decided to stop for 584 00:20:23,433 --> 00:20:26,067 the night because of ice. 585 00:20:26,067 --> 00:20:26,567 But their wireless 586 00:20:26,567 --> 00:20:28,000 operator does not wait 587 00:20:28,000 --> 00:20:28,433 for Philips to 588 00:20:28,433 --> 00:20:31,167 stop sending his messages. 589 00:20:31,167 --> 00:20:31,767 And overrides it with a 590 00:20:31,767 --> 00:20:34,433 powerful signal. 591 00:20:34,433 --> 00:20:42,767 Philips: Arrrrah! Bloody idiot! 592 00:20:42,767 --> 00:20:43,400 Narrator: Philips reply is 593 00:20:43,400 --> 00:20:44,800 to tell the Californian to 594 00:20:44,800 --> 00:20:45,267 stop sending ice 595 00:20:45,267 --> 00:20:45,900 warnings while he is busy 596 00:20:45,900 --> 00:20:56,833 with passenger messages. 597 00:20:56,833 --> 00:20:57,300 The Californian 598 00:20:57,300 --> 00:20:57,867 turns off its wireless 599 00:20:57,867 --> 00:21:00,667 equipment for the night. 600 00:21:00,667 --> 00:21:01,267 The Titanic has now lost 601 00:21:01,267 --> 00:21:03,467 radio contact with the 602 00:21:03,467 --> 00:21:03,900 only ship less 603 00:21:03,900 --> 00:21:13,200 than two hours away. 604 00:21:13,200 --> 00:21:15,267 11:30pm. 605 00:21:15,267 --> 00:21:15,700 The iceberg is 606 00:21:15,700 --> 00:21:18,167 just four miles away, 607 00:21:18,167 --> 00:21:18,667 Titanic will reach 608 00:21:18,667 --> 00:21:24,367 it in just ten minutes. 609 00:21:24,367 --> 00:21:25,733 Murdoch: See anything? 610 00:21:25,733 --> 00:21:27,400 Fleet: No sir. 611 00:21:27,400 --> 00:21:28,067 Narrator: Because Blair 612 00:21:28,067 --> 00:21:28,567 has left with the keys 613 00:21:28,567 --> 00:21:30,433 to the binoculars locker, 614 00:21:30,433 --> 00:21:31,133 lookouts Fleet and Lee have to 615 00:21:31,133 --> 00:21:36,433 rely on their own eyesight. 616 00:21:36,433 --> 00:21:36,967 Attorney General: If there 617 00:21:36,967 --> 00:21:37,633 had been glasses in the 618 00:21:37,633 --> 00:21:38,067 crow's nest would 619 00:21:38,067 --> 00:21:41,800 you have used them? 620 00:21:41,800 --> 00:21:42,700 Fleet: Yes. 621 00:21:42,700 --> 00:21:44,667 Attorney General: Constantly? 622 00:21:44,667 --> 00:21:45,400 Fleet: Yes. 623 00:21:45,400 --> 00:21:45,900 Attorney General: After 624 00:21:45,900 --> 00:21:46,400 all you are the man who 625 00:21:46,400 --> 00:21:48,600 discovered the iceberg. 626 00:21:48,600 --> 00:21:49,900 Fleet: Yes. 627 00:21:49,900 --> 00:21:50,400 Attorney General: If it 628 00:21:50,400 --> 00:21:51,333 was necessary to have glasses, 629 00:21:51,333 --> 00:21:51,700 do you not think 630 00:21:51,700 --> 00:21:52,533 you should have gone to, 631 00:21:52,533 --> 00:21:53,067 or telephoned the Bridge 632 00:21:53,067 --> 00:21:55,633 and said I'm told to keep 633 00:21:55,633 --> 00:21:56,167 a sharp look out and I've 634 00:21:56,167 --> 00:21:58,533 not got any glasses. 635 00:21:58,533 --> 00:22:00,067 Fleet: They would know that. 636 00:22:00,067 --> 00:22:00,667 Attorney General: But you did 637 00:22:00,667 --> 00:22:04,067 not call their attention to it. 638 00:22:04,067 --> 00:22:07,133 Fleet: No I did not. 639 00:22:07,133 --> 00:22:07,633 Attorney General: Do you 640 00:22:07,633 --> 00:22:08,367 think that if you had had 641 00:22:08,367 --> 00:22:08,833 glasses you could have 642 00:22:08,833 --> 00:22:11,333 seen the iceberg sooner? 643 00:22:11,333 --> 00:22:12,367 Fleet: Certainly. 644 00:22:12,367 --> 00:22:12,833 Attorney General: How 645 00:22:12,833 --> 00:22:13,367 much sooner, do you think 646 00:22:13,367 --> 00:22:15,533 you could have seen it? 647 00:22:15,533 --> 00:22:16,067 Fleet: In time for the 648 00:22:16,067 --> 00:22:17,500 ship to get out of the way. 649 00:22:17,500 --> 00:22:18,067 Attorney General: So it is 650 00:22:18,067 --> 00:22:19,300 your view that if you had 651 00:22:19,300 --> 00:22:19,833 had glasses it would have 652 00:22:19,833 --> 00:22:22,167 made all the difference 653 00:22:22,167 --> 00:22:25,533 between safety and disaster? 654 00:22:25,533 --> 00:22:27,500 Fleet: Yes. 655 00:22:51,067 --> 00:22:51,567 Narrator: The lookouts 656 00:22:51,567 --> 00:22:53,367 still haven't seen the iceberg, 657 00:22:53,367 --> 00:23:15,700 it is only 1000 yards away. 658 00:23:15,700 --> 00:23:20,133 Fleet: Iceberg right ahead. 659 00:23:20,133 --> 00:23:23,833 Murdoch: Hard a starboard! 660 00:23:23,833 --> 00:23:24,500 Narrator: After putting the 661 00:23:24,500 --> 00:23:26,267 ships engines into reverse, 662 00:23:26,267 --> 00:23:26,767 the officer on the 663 00:23:26,767 --> 00:23:28,300 bridge's instinct is 664 00:23:28,300 --> 00:23:28,733 to steer away 665 00:23:28,733 --> 00:23:35,067 from the iceberg. 666 00:24:11,067 --> 00:24:11,633 The collision is so gentle 667 00:24:11,633 --> 00:24:12,900 that many of the 668 00:24:12,900 --> 00:24:13,333 passengers and 669 00:24:13,333 --> 00:24:16,833 crew sleep through it. 670 00:24:16,833 --> 00:24:17,467 Hooper McCarty re-examines 671 00:24:17,467 --> 00:24:21,067 the survivor testimonies. 672 00:24:21,067 --> 00:24:21,500 Jennifer Hooper McCarty: 673 00:24:21,500 --> 00:24:22,833 Some people barely felt it, 674 00:24:22,833 --> 00:24:23,400 some explained it as a sort 675 00:24:23,400 --> 00:24:27,167 of a glancing blow, a shudder, 676 00:24:27,167 --> 00:24:27,633 but not something that 677 00:24:27,633 --> 00:24:35,100 moved them across the ship. 678 00:24:35,100 --> 00:24:35,533 Fireman Barrett was 679 00:24:35,533 --> 00:24:36,067 one of the most important 680 00:24:36,067 --> 00:24:40,700 pieces of testimony. 681 00:24:40,700 --> 00:24:41,200 He talked about standing 682 00:24:41,200 --> 00:24:44,267 in boiler room number 6 683 00:24:44,267 --> 00:24:46,767 and seeing water coming in. 684 00:24:46,767 --> 00:24:47,233 Attorney General: Your 685 00:24:47,233 --> 00:24:49,167 name is Frederick Barrett? 686 00:24:49,167 --> 00:24:50,567 Barre Yes. 687 00:24:50,567 --> 00:24:51,200 Attorney General: Now just tell 688 00:24:51,200 --> 00:24:53,233 us what happened that you saw? 689 00:24:53,233 --> 00:24:53,767 Barre In the stokehold 690 00:24:53,767 --> 00:24:55,833 a red light goes on when 691 00:24:55,833 --> 00:25:05,200 the ship is supposed to stop. 692 00:25:05,200 --> 00:25:07,933 This red light came up. 693 00:25:07,933 --> 00:25:08,467 I am the man in charge of 694 00:25:08,467 --> 00:25:12,633 the watch, and I called out, 695 00:25:12,633 --> 00:25:13,900 shut all dampers. 696 00:25:13,900 --> 00:25:14,500 Attorney General: And what was 697 00:25:14,500 --> 00:25:16,700 the next thing that happened? 698 00:25:16,700 --> 00:25:17,267 Barre The crash happened 699 00:25:17,267 --> 00:25:19,167 before we had [inaudible]. 700 00:25:19,167 --> 00:25:19,667 Attorney General: Where 701 00:25:19,667 --> 00:25:21,567 was this crash? 702 00:25:21,567 --> 00:25:22,067 Barre Water came 703 00:25:22,067 --> 00:25:22,533 pouring in two feet above 704 00:25:22,533 --> 00:25:25,133 the stokehold plate. 705 00:25:25,133 --> 00:25:25,767 Attorney General: Can you point 706 00:25:25,767 --> 00:25:39,567 to where that is on the ship? 707 00:25:48,067 --> 00:25:48,267 Barre 708 00:25:48,267 --> 00:25:50,267 The ships side was torn, 709 00:25:50,267 --> 00:25:50,767 from the third stokehold 710 00:25:50,767 --> 00:25:53,700 to the forward end. 711 00:25:53,700 --> 00:25:54,300 Narrator: Barrett is one 712 00:25:54,300 --> 00:25:55,133 of the few firemen that 713 00:25:55,133 --> 00:25:55,733 manages to escape before 714 00:25:55,733 --> 00:25:59,400 the bulkhead doors close. 715 00:25:59,400 --> 00:26:00,067 Forensic metallurgist 716 00:26:00,067 --> 00:26:00,867 Hooper McCarty, 717 00:26:00,867 --> 00:26:01,567 believes the only way the side 718 00:26:01,567 --> 00:26:04,400 of the ship could tear, 719 00:26:04,400 --> 00:26:04,933 is if the seams had 720 00:26:04,933 --> 00:26:07,367 split open suggesting that 721 00:26:07,367 --> 00:26:07,867 maybe there was a 722 00:26:07,867 --> 00:26:10,300 problem with the rivets? 723 00:26:10,300 --> 00:26:10,833 Jennifer McCarty: Fireman 724 00:26:10,833 --> 00:26:11,700 Barrett's testimony 725 00:26:11,700 --> 00:26:12,200 suggests that the damage 726 00:26:12,200 --> 00:26:18,767 wasn't due to fracture mid 727 00:26:18,767 --> 00:26:19,300 plate or within the whole 728 00:26:19,300 --> 00:26:21,967 plates but instead it 729 00:26:21,967 --> 00:26:22,500 suggests that there may be 730 00:26:22,500 --> 00:26:25,867 something wrong with the seams. 731 00:26:25,867 --> 00:26:26,333 Maybe the question was 732 00:26:26,333 --> 00:26:29,167 really in the rivets, 733 00:26:29,167 --> 00:26:34,533 the quality of the rivets. 734 00:26:34,533 --> 00:26:35,133 Narrator: Her suspicions 735 00:26:35,133 --> 00:26:36,167 are confirmed when she 736 00:26:36,167 --> 00:26:36,733 analyses the 46 rivets 737 00:26:36,733 --> 00:26:40,633 retrieved in 1998, 738 00:26:40,633 --> 00:26:41,233 during an expedition to 739 00:26:41,233 --> 00:26:43,833 the wreck of the Titanic. 740 00:26:43,833 --> 00:26:44,267 Some are found 741 00:26:44,267 --> 00:26:45,833 to be made of steel, 742 00:26:45,833 --> 00:26:52,067 and some are wrought iron. 743 00:26:52,067 --> 00:26:52,533 Jennifer McCarty: The 744 00:26:52,533 --> 00:26:53,900 first step in the forensic 745 00:26:53,900 --> 00:26:54,433 investigation was to find 746 00:26:54,433 --> 00:26:57,367 out what those rivets were 747 00:26:57,367 --> 00:26:57,800 made of and how that 748 00:26:57,800 --> 00:27:02,467 material would act under 749 00:27:02,467 --> 00:27:09,733 different mechanical tests. 750 00:27:09,733 --> 00:27:10,367 Narrator: The builders of 751 00:27:10,367 --> 00:27:11,767 the Titanic are convinced 752 00:27:11,767 --> 00:27:12,367 that iron rivets in the 753 00:27:12,367 --> 00:27:13,600 bow section would be 754 00:27:13,600 --> 00:27:14,067 strong enough to 755 00:27:14,067 --> 00:27:29,300 seal the plates. 756 00:27:29,300 --> 00:27:29,933 To explore the effects of 757 00:27:29,933 --> 00:27:31,667 using wrought iron, 758 00:27:31,667 --> 00:27:32,200 rather than steel, a 759 00:27:32,200 --> 00:27:32,800 section of the Titanic's 760 00:27:32,800 --> 00:27:36,067 hull is reproduced 761 00:27:36,067 --> 00:27:36,667 using steel plates held 762 00:27:36,667 --> 00:27:39,733 together by iron rivets. 763 00:27:39,733 --> 00:27:40,167 Jennifer McCarty: We 764 00:27:40,167 --> 00:27:41,133 compared a wrought iron 765 00:27:41,133 --> 00:27:41,667 rivet to a steel rivet and 766 00:27:41,667 --> 00:27:46,333 found that with just very 767 00:27:46,333 --> 00:27:46,867 little movement of a steel 768 00:27:46,867 --> 00:27:51,733 plate, 5mm, you would 769 00:27:51,733 --> 00:27:52,100 reach a point in 770 00:27:52,100 --> 00:27:52,667 the wrought iron rivet when 771 00:27:52,667 --> 00:28:00,067 it would begin to fail. 772 00:28:00,067 --> 00:28:00,500 Narrator: The test 773 00:28:00,500 --> 00:28:01,267 simulates the amount of 774 00:28:01,267 --> 00:28:01,833 pressure the Titanic's 775 00:28:01,833 --> 00:28:02,367 hull would have been 776 00:28:02,367 --> 00:28:07,133 under after the collision. 777 00:28:07,133 --> 00:28:07,633 As the rivets snap 778 00:28:07,633 --> 00:28:08,967 one at a time, 779 00:28:08,967 --> 00:28:09,467 the Titanic's hull 780 00:28:09,467 --> 00:28:15,067 opens up like a zipper. 781 00:28:15,067 --> 00:28:15,433 So here we have a 782 00:28:15,433 --> 00:28:18,267 ship that's unsinkable, 783 00:28:18,267 --> 00:28:18,767 that's state of art for 784 00:28:18,767 --> 00:28:21,333 1912, that's built with 1h 785 00:28:21,333 --> 00:28:21,833 inch thick steel plates 786 00:28:21,833 --> 00:28:26,767 and wrought iron rivets! 787 00:28:26,767 --> 00:28:27,333 Narrator: Wrought iron 788 00:28:27,333 --> 00:28:27,867 produced in 1911 is 789 00:28:27,867 --> 00:28:31,267 1/3rd weaker than steel 790 00:28:31,267 --> 00:28:32,633 of the same era, 791 00:28:32,633 --> 00:28:33,233 but it still should have 792 00:28:33,233 --> 00:28:33,800 been strong enough to 793 00:28:33,800 --> 00:28:36,667 hold the hull together. 794 00:28:36,667 --> 00:28:37,300 Could something else have 795 00:28:37,300 --> 00:28:39,433 weakened the rivets? 796 00:28:39,433 --> 00:28:39,967 To find out, Hooper 797 00:28:39,967 --> 00:28:41,467 McCarty examines the 798 00:28:41,467 --> 00:28:42,067 hundred year-old rivets 799 00:28:42,067 --> 00:28:45,200 under an electron microscope, 800 00:28:45,200 --> 00:28:45,667 and finds large 801 00:28:45,667 --> 00:28:46,300 impurities embedded in the 802 00:28:46,300 --> 00:28:50,700 structure of the iron. 803 00:28:50,700 --> 00:28:51,233 Jennifer McCarty: When you 804 00:28:51,233 --> 00:28:52,300 look at wrought iron you 805 00:28:52,300 --> 00:28:52,833 see a combination of both 806 00:28:52,833 --> 00:28:56,400 iron or pure iron, 807 00:28:56,400 --> 00:28:56,867 and these impurities, 808 00:28:56,867 --> 00:28:57,267 that are caught in 809 00:28:57,267 --> 00:29:01,800 particles known as slag. 810 00:29:01,800 --> 00:29:02,433 Slag can actually strengthen the 811 00:29:02,433 --> 00:29:06,600 wrought iron in one direction, 812 00:29:06,600 --> 00:29:07,100 but it can weaken it in 813 00:29:07,100 --> 00:29:09,633 the opposite direction, 814 00:29:09,633 --> 00:29:13,067 in the perpendicular direction. 815 00:29:13,067 --> 00:29:13,633 Narrator: Using iron was a 816 00:29:13,633 --> 00:29:15,267 compromise anyway 817 00:29:15,267 --> 00:29:15,800 but this particular 818 00:29:15,800 --> 00:29:20,933 iron was flawed. 819 00:29:20,933 --> 00:29:21,600 When the wrought iron rivets 820 00:29:21,600 --> 00:29:23,667 were hammered into place, 821 00:29:23,667 --> 00:29:24,167 the slag particles 822 00:29:24,167 --> 00:29:27,600 were at a 90 degree angle. 823 00:29:27,600 --> 00:29:28,200 It created a weakness in 824 00:29:28,200 --> 00:29:32,133 the head of the rivets. 825 00:29:32,133 --> 00:29:32,767 It is a defect that might 826 00:29:32,767 --> 00:29:34,133 have gone unnoticed 827 00:29:34,133 --> 00:29:34,600 had the ship not 828 00:29:34,600 --> 00:29:38,300 struck the iceberg. 829 00:29:38,300 --> 00:29:38,800 Jennifer McCarty: During 830 00:29:38,800 --> 00:29:40,367 the collision that night 831 00:29:40,367 --> 00:29:40,900 those weak rivets couldn't 832 00:29:40,900 --> 00:29:41,400 withstand that force and 833 00:29:41,400 --> 00:29:50,467 their heads popped. 834 00:29:50,467 --> 00:29:50,967 What fireman Barrett was 835 00:29:50,967 --> 00:29:57,467 probably describing was a 836 00:29:57,467 --> 00:29:57,933 parted seam due to the 837 00:29:57,933 --> 00:30:07,000 popping of rivet heads. 838 00:30:07,000 --> 00:30:07,500 Paul Louden-Brown: From 839 00:30:07,500 --> 00:30:08,167 the very day that 840 00:30:08,167 --> 00:30:08,600 she was designed she 841 00:30:08,600 --> 00:30:11,300 was almost doomed. 842 00:30:11,300 --> 00:30:11,767 So this is the, if you 843 00:30:11,767 --> 00:30:14,100 like, you could put it as 844 00:30:14,100 --> 00:30:14,567 bluntly as this is the 845 00:30:14,567 --> 00:30:18,600 Achilles heel of the Titanic. 846 00:30:18,600 --> 00:30:19,267 Captain: What did we hit? 847 00:30:19,267 --> 00:30:19,500 Murdoch: 848 00:30:19,500 --> 00:30:20,033 We've hit an Iceberg sir. 849 00:30:20,033 --> 00:30:20,400 I've closed the 850 00:30:20,400 --> 00:30:21,200 water tight door. 851 00:30:21,200 --> 00:30:21,600 Captain: Have you 852 00:30:21,600 --> 00:30:22,100 rung the warning bell? 853 00:30:22,100 --> 00:30:22,733 Murdoch: Yes sir. 854 00:30:22,733 --> 00:30:23,133 I've sent Boxhall 855 00:30:23,133 --> 00:30:26,500 to look for any damage. 856 00:30:26,500 --> 00:30:27,100 Narrator: The watertight 857 00:30:27,100 --> 00:30:27,733 doors were shut off as the 858 00:30:27,733 --> 00:30:30,100 collision took place, 859 00:30:30,100 --> 00:30:30,667 but design compromises 860 00:30:30,667 --> 00:30:31,167 made earlier will 861 00:30:31,167 --> 00:30:42,033 now become apparent. 862 00:30:42,033 --> 00:30:43,467 Ismay: Is anything the matter? 863 00:30:43,467 --> 00:30:46,333 Have we hit something? 864 00:30:46,333 --> 00:30:46,867 Captain Smith: I'm afraid 865 00:30:46,867 --> 00:30:49,867 so, we've struck an iceberg. 866 00:30:49,867 --> 00:30:50,967 Ismay: How bad is it? 867 00:30:50,967 --> 00:30:53,533 Is she taking on water? 868 00:30:53,533 --> 00:30:53,867 Captain Smith: 869 00:30:53,867 --> 00:30:56,333 She's sinking Mr. Ismay. 870 00:30:56,333 --> 00:30:57,967 Ismay: But that's impossible. 871 00:30:57,967 --> 00:30:58,367 Captain Smith: In 872 00:30:58,367 --> 00:30:58,867 two hours she will be at 873 00:30:58,867 --> 00:31:01,233 the bottom of the ocean. 874 00:31:01,233 --> 00:31:01,767 Ismay: Can't we close off 875 00:31:01,767 --> 00:31:03,233 the compartments? 876 00:31:03,233 --> 00:31:03,700 Captain Smith: We have 877 00:31:03,700 --> 00:31:07,500 trapping hundreds of men below. 878 00:31:07,500 --> 00:31:09,100 It isn't working. 879 00:31:09,100 --> 00:31:09,633 Ismay: I don't understand 880 00:31:09,633 --> 00:31:10,533 she is supposed to stay 881 00:31:10,533 --> 00:31:10,900 afloat with four 882 00:31:10,900 --> 00:31:13,200 compartments flooding. 883 00:31:13,200 --> 00:31:13,800 Captain Smith: We're flooding 884 00:31:13,800 --> 00:31:19,967 in five compartments Mr. Ismay. 885 00:31:19,967 --> 00:31:20,467 I'll be in the wireless 886 00:31:20,467 --> 00:31:23,467 room Mr. Murdoch. 887 00:31:23,467 --> 00:31:23,967 Murdoch: Shall I prepare 888 00:31:23,967 --> 00:31:26,667 the lifeboats Sir? 889 00:31:26,667 --> 00:31:27,200 Captain Smith: Yes, but no 890 00:31:27,200 --> 00:31:30,200 need to panic the passengers. 891 00:31:30,200 --> 00:31:33,433 Murdoch: I understand Sir. 892 00:31:33,433 --> 00:31:34,067 Narrator: The majority of 893 00:31:34,067 --> 00:31:34,800 the crew and all the 894 00:31:34,800 --> 00:31:35,467 passengers believe that the 895 00:31:35,467 --> 00:31:38,867 damage to the ship is minimal, 896 00:31:38,867 --> 00:31:39,433 unaware that the ship 897 00:31:39,433 --> 00:31:39,967 is letting in water 898 00:31:39,967 --> 00:31:44,600 at 400 tons a minute. 899 00:31:44,600 --> 00:31:45,233 Ismay's decision to lower 900 00:31:45,233 --> 00:31:47,067 the bulkheads means the 901 00:31:47,067 --> 00:31:49,533 ship is flooding rapidly. 902 00:31:49,533 --> 00:31:50,100 With higher bulkheads, 903 00:31:50,100 --> 00:31:51,433 the flooding in each 904 00:31:51,433 --> 00:31:52,067 compartment would have 905 00:31:52,067 --> 00:31:53,900 taken longer to fill and 906 00:31:53,900 --> 00:31:54,333 over flow into 907 00:31:54,333 --> 00:31:59,067 the next compartment. 908 00:31:59,067 --> 00:31:59,633 But they didn't lower the 909 00:31:59,633 --> 00:32:00,867 front bulkhead because 910 00:32:00,867 --> 00:32:01,400 they believed it to 911 00:32:01,400 --> 00:32:04,833 be the crucial one. 912 00:32:04,833 --> 00:32:05,467 The designers were anticipating 913 00:32:05,467 --> 00:32:09,400 any collision to be head on. 914 00:32:09,400 --> 00:32:10,067 The water wouldn't flood beyond 915 00:32:10,067 --> 00:32:13,467 the front collision bulkhead. 916 00:32:13,467 --> 00:32:14,067 but they hit the iceberg 917 00:32:14,067 --> 00:32:17,500 side on and the sides 918 00:32:17,500 --> 00:32:18,100 weren't designed to take 919 00:32:18,100 --> 00:32:25,467 the force of an impact. 920 00:32:27,200 --> 00:32:27,733 Paul Louden-Brown: I think 921 00:32:27,733 --> 00:32:28,600 if William Murdoch had 922 00:32:28,600 --> 00:32:29,233 plowed directly into the iceberg 923 00:32:29,233 --> 00:32:32,800 Titanic would have survived. 924 00:32:32,800 --> 00:32:33,433 The main impact would have been 925 00:32:33,433 --> 00:32:36,200 taken by her collision bulkhead, 926 00:32:36,200 --> 00:32:36,633 the steel wall right 927 00:32:36,633 --> 00:32:39,367 up to the weather deck, 928 00:32:39,367 --> 00:32:39,733 the highest deck 929 00:32:39,733 --> 00:32:43,933 within the vessel. 930 00:32:43,933 --> 00:32:44,433 Narrator: The last 931 00:32:44,433 --> 00:32:45,067 time that a ship struck 932 00:32:45,067 --> 00:32:48,733 an iceberg was in 1879, 933 00:32:48,733 --> 00:32:49,200 when SS Arizona 934 00:32:49,200 --> 00:32:52,333 ploughed into one head on. 935 00:32:52,333 --> 00:32:52,933 The bow is badly crushed 936 00:32:52,933 --> 00:32:59,100 but she stays afloat. 937 00:32:59,100 --> 00:32:59,700 The watertight doors are 938 00:32:59,700 --> 00:33:01,667 now failing but there is 939 00:33:01,667 --> 00:33:02,267 still a chance of rescue 940 00:33:02,267 --> 00:33:02,867 as long as the wireless 941 00:33:02,867 --> 00:33:07,067 continues to work. 942 00:33:07,067 --> 00:33:07,467 Paul Louden-Brown: All 943 00:33:07,467 --> 00:33:08,300 steamships followed 944 00:33:08,300 --> 00:33:08,833 established tracks across 945 00:33:08,833 --> 00:33:11,767 the Atlantic. 946 00:33:11,767 --> 00:33:12,200 It was nicknamed the 947 00:33:12,200 --> 00:33:14,067 trans-Atlantic railway. 948 00:33:14,067 --> 00:33:14,467 There were hundreds of 949 00:33:14,467 --> 00:33:16,767 ship movements every day. 950 00:33:16,767 --> 00:33:17,233 So there was always an 951 00:33:17,233 --> 00:33:19,067 opportunity of remaining 952 00:33:19,067 --> 00:33:19,467 in radio contact with 953 00:33:19,467 --> 00:33:21,133 another vessel 954 00:33:21,133 --> 00:33:21,600 or even seeing another 955 00:33:21,600 --> 00:33:22,167 vessel so you could call up 956 00:33:22,167 --> 00:33:28,533 assistance if you needed it. 957 00:33:28,533 --> 00:33:29,133 Phillips: I don't know why the 958 00:33:29,133 --> 00:33:34,067 Californian's not responding? 959 00:33:34,067 --> 00:33:34,667 Narrator: The nearest, the 960 00:33:34,667 --> 00:33:37,200 Californian, is two hours away, 961 00:33:37,200 --> 00:33:39,500 near enough to save everybody, 962 00:33:39,500 --> 00:33:40,100 but after receiving the 963 00:33:40,100 --> 00:33:41,867 rude message from Philips 964 00:33:41,867 --> 00:33:42,500 their wireless will remain 965 00:33:42,500 --> 00:33:48,933 switched off until morning. 966 00:33:48,933 --> 00:33:49,333 Philips: It's the 967 00:33:49,333 --> 00:33:49,867 Carpathia, they're putting 968 00:33:49,867 --> 00:34:00,233 about and heading for us. 969 00:34:00,233 --> 00:34:06,167 Take this to the Captain. 970 00:34:06,167 --> 00:34:06,600 Bride: It's from the 971 00:34:06,600 --> 00:34:08,067 Carpathia Sir. 972 00:34:08,067 --> 00:34:08,567 She's turned around and is 973 00:34:08,567 --> 00:34:10,533 coming as quickly as she can. 974 00:34:10,533 --> 00:34:11,633 Captain Smith: No other ships? 975 00:34:11,633 --> 00:34:12,133 Bride: The Frankfurt has 976 00:34:12,133 --> 00:34:13,267 told us to standby. 977 00:34:13,267 --> 00:34:13,867 We're trying the Californian, 978 00:34:13,867 --> 00:34:15,733 but she's not replying. 979 00:34:15,733 --> 00:34:16,067 Captain Smith: 980 00:34:16,067 --> 00:34:17,600 Thank you Mr. Bride. 981 00:34:17,600 --> 00:34:21,800 Bride: Sir. 982 00:34:21,800 --> 00:34:23,067 Anything? 983 00:34:23,067 --> 00:34:23,433 Philips: The Olympic 984 00:34:23,433 --> 00:34:25,267 might be on its way. 985 00:34:25,267 --> 00:34:25,867 Narrator: Even with only 986 00:34:25,867 --> 00:34:28,067 16 lifeboats everyone can be 987 00:34:28,067 --> 00:34:28,767 saved if the Carpathia reaches 988 00:34:28,767 --> 00:34:33,100 the Titanic within two hours; 989 00:34:33,100 --> 00:34:35,800 but she is four hours away. 990 00:34:39,633 --> 00:34:39,967 Murdoch: She's 991 00:34:39,967 --> 00:34:43,067 58 miles away Sir. 992 00:34:43,067 --> 00:34:43,367 Captain Smith: 993 00:34:43,367 --> 00:34:43,900 The Carpathia's top speed 994 00:34:43,900 --> 00:34:47,367 is no more than 15 knots. 995 00:34:47,367 --> 00:34:47,667 Murdoch: She 996 00:34:47,667 --> 00:34:50,133 is four hours away Sir. 997 00:34:50,133 --> 00:34:50,700 Ismay: But we can only stay 998 00:34:50,700 --> 00:34:54,100 afloat for another two hours. 999 00:34:54,100 --> 00:34:54,567 Captain Smith: Perhaps 1000 00:34:54,567 --> 00:34:55,067 you had better return to 1001 00:34:55,067 --> 00:34:57,733 the boat deck Mr. Murdoch. 1002 00:34:57,733 --> 00:35:03,300 Murdoch: Captain. 1003 00:35:03,300 --> 00:35:03,667 People don't pay 1004 00:35:03,667 --> 00:35:14,900 to look at lifeboats. 1005 00:35:16,533 --> 00:35:17,100 Narrator: One mystery 1006 00:35:17,100 --> 00:35:19,200 remains left to unravel, 1007 00:35:19,200 --> 00:35:19,833 why will the Titanic sink 1008 00:35:19,833 --> 00:35:22,300 in less than two hours, 1009 00:35:22,300 --> 00:35:22,800 when her designers 1010 00:35:22,800 --> 00:35:24,100 predicted in the event of 1011 00:35:24,100 --> 00:35:24,667 a collision she could 1012 00:35:24,667 --> 00:35:28,433 stay afloat for days? 1013 00:35:28,433 --> 00:35:29,067 Hooper McCarty suspects 1014 00:35:29,067 --> 00:35:30,900 the iron rivets used 1015 00:35:30,900 --> 00:35:31,533 throughout the ship's hull 1016 00:35:31,533 --> 00:35:35,600 are again to blame. 1017 00:35:35,600 --> 00:35:36,067 She goes through 1018 00:35:36,067 --> 00:35:36,733 the archives at the shipyard 1019 00:35:36,733 --> 00:35:42,233 where Titanic was built. 1020 00:35:42,233 --> 00:35:42,733 Jennifer McCarty: I went 1021 00:35:42,733 --> 00:35:43,500 to Belfast and looked 1022 00:35:43,500 --> 00:35:43,967 though the Harland and 1023 00:35:43,967 --> 00:35:46,733 Wolff archives; 1024 00:35:46,733 --> 00:35:47,333 from ordering contracts I was 1025 00:35:47,333 --> 00:35:49,700 seeing number 3 iron that 1026 00:35:49,700 --> 00:35:50,133 was used instead of 1027 00:35:50,133 --> 00:35:50,600 number 4 which was the 1028 00:35:50,600 --> 00:35:56,800 standard at the time. 1029 00:35:56,800 --> 00:35:57,433 Narrator: This lower grade 1030 00:35:57,433 --> 00:35:58,733 of iron will have had more 1031 00:35:58,733 --> 00:35:59,267 slag impurities and 1032 00:35:59,267 --> 00:35:59,900 so the heads of the rivets 1033 00:35:59,900 --> 00:36:05,067 will have been even weaker. 1034 00:36:05,067 --> 00:36:05,700 It was a small decision but one 1035 00:36:05,700 --> 00:36:09,833 that had terrible consequences. 1036 00:36:09,833 --> 00:36:10,300 Jennifer McCarty: The 1037 00:36:10,300 --> 00:36:11,600 critical issue is that 1038 00:36:11,600 --> 00:36:12,100 with bad or poor quality 1039 00:36:12,100 --> 00:36:13,900 wrought iron you end up 1040 00:36:13,900 --> 00:36:14,367 with a weakness at the 1041 00:36:14,367 --> 00:36:18,900 head of the rivet, 1042 00:36:18,900 --> 00:36:19,400 if you have good wrought 1043 00:36:19,400 --> 00:36:19,900 iron you don't have that 1044 00:36:19,900 --> 00:36:22,100 same weakness. 1045 00:36:22,100 --> 00:36:22,600 It will break, the rivet 1046 00:36:22,600 --> 00:36:23,167 will fail but it's going to 1047 00:36:23,167 --> 00:36:27,167 last a little longer, 1048 00:36:27,167 --> 00:36:27,767 and 1500 people they're lives 1049 00:36:27,767 --> 00:36:31,233 would have been saved. 1050 00:36:31,233 --> 00:36:31,733 A boat could have gotten 1051 00:36:31,733 --> 00:36:34,867 there and rescued people 1052 00:36:34,867 --> 00:36:37,967 before the ship was doomed. 1053 00:36:37,967 --> 00:36:38,567 Narrator: Two month old 1054 00:36:38,567 --> 00:36:39,767 Millvina Dean is one of 1055 00:36:39,767 --> 00:36:40,467 the few third class passengers 1056 00:36:40,467 --> 00:36:44,100 to make it into a lifeboat. 1057 00:36:44,100 --> 00:36:44,667 Now 96 she is the last 1058 00:36:44,667 --> 00:36:48,133 living survivor. 1059 00:36:48,133 --> 00:36:48,600 Millvina Dean: Lots of 1060 00:36:48,600 --> 00:36:49,367 people thought the ship 1061 00:36:49,367 --> 00:36:49,833 was unsinkable and so 1062 00:36:49,833 --> 00:36:52,767 they just stayed. 1063 00:36:52,767 --> 00:36:53,267 My father was very quick 1064 00:36:53,267 --> 00:36:55,533 on the uptake; 1065 00:36:55,533 --> 00:36:56,067 he got us immediately 1066 00:36:56,067 --> 00:36:58,633 up on deck. 1067 00:36:58,633 --> 00:36:59,100 Lightoller: Hadn't we 1068 00:36:59,100 --> 00:36:59,767 better start getting 1069 00:36:59,767 --> 00:37:00,267 passengers into the 1070 00:37:00,267 --> 00:37:04,800 lifeboats Sir? 1071 00:37:04,800 --> 00:37:05,333 Captain Smith: Yes, women 1072 00:37:05,333 --> 00:37:09,700 and children first. 1073 00:37:09,700 --> 00:37:15,600 Yes, let's do that. 1074 00:37:15,600 --> 00:37:15,933 Millvina Dean: 1075 00:37:15,933 --> 00:37:16,433 And then my mother said 1076 00:37:16,433 --> 00:37:18,900 goodbye to my father. 1077 00:37:18,900 --> 00:37:19,433 They had only been married 1078 00:37:19,433 --> 00:37:21,467 for about four years. 1079 00:37:21,467 --> 00:37:21,967 And so she was so broken 1080 00:37:21,967 --> 00:37:22,433 hearted that she would 1081 00:37:22,433 --> 00:37:26,067 never speak about it. 1082 00:37:26,067 --> 00:37:26,533 Because I was so small 1083 00:37:26,533 --> 00:37:27,067 they couldn't hold me and 1084 00:37:27,067 --> 00:37:42,733 had to put me in a sack. 1085 00:37:42,733 --> 00:37:43,133 Paul Louden-Brown: 1086 00:37:43,133 --> 00:37:44,067 Lightoller interprets 1087 00:37:44,067 --> 00:37:44,567 Captain Smith's orders as 1088 00:37:44,567 --> 00:37:53,467 women and children only. 1089 00:37:53,467 --> 00:37:53,833 And that allowed 1090 00:37:53,833 --> 00:37:56,200 unnecessary deaths, 1091 00:37:56,200 --> 00:38:00,333 caused unnecessary deaths. 1092 00:38:00,333 --> 00:38:00,967 Narrator: Ismay is on the 1093 00:38:00,967 --> 00:38:02,167 Starboard boat deck 1094 00:38:02,167 --> 00:38:02,800 helping women and children 1095 00:38:02,800 --> 00:38:06,967 get into the last lifeboat. 1096 00:38:06,967 --> 00:38:07,500 Attorney General: Did you 1097 00:38:07,500 --> 00:38:08,233 see how many passengers 1098 00:38:08,233 --> 00:38:10,733 were put into this lifeboats? 1099 00:38:10,733 --> 00:38:11,100 Ismay: No, I did 1100 00:38:11,100 --> 00:38:12,900 not see at the time. 1101 00:38:12,900 --> 00:38:13,433 Attorney General: Did she 1102 00:38:13,433 --> 00:38:15,200 appear to be full? 1103 00:38:15,200 --> 00:38:15,733 Ismay: She was very full, 1104 00:38:15,733 --> 00:38:22,067 fairly full. 1105 00:38:22,067 --> 00:38:22,567 After all the women and 1106 00:38:22,567 --> 00:38:26,467 children were in and after 1107 00:38:26,467 --> 00:38:26,967 all the people that were 1108 00:38:26,967 --> 00:38:30,433 on the deck had got in, 1109 00:38:30,433 --> 00:38:30,800 I got in as she 1110 00:38:30,800 --> 00:38:34,067 was being lowered away. 1111 00:38:34,067 --> 00:38:34,500 Attorney General: There 1112 00:38:34,500 --> 00:38:37,600 was no order to you to get in? 1113 00:38:37,600 --> 00:38:45,100 Ismay: No, none. 1114 00:38:45,100 --> 00:38:45,600 Narrator: Ismay is 1115 00:38:45,600 --> 00:38:46,233 one of the few men to take 1116 00:38:46,233 --> 00:38:55,567 a place in the lifeboats. 1117 00:38:55,567 --> 00:38:56,200 The last of the 16 wooden 1118 00:38:56,200 --> 00:38:58,333 lifeboat leaves, 1119 00:38:58,333 --> 00:39:10,867 with 1700 people left on board. 1120 00:39:10,867 --> 00:39:11,467 The ship can stay afloat 1121 00:39:11,467 --> 00:39:20,767 for only thirty more minutes. 1122 00:39:20,767 --> 00:39:21,267 Smith: Men you have done 1123 00:39:21,267 --> 00:39:22,300 your full duty. 1124 00:39:22,300 --> 00:39:25,167 You can do nothing more. 1125 00:39:25,167 --> 00:39:27,733 Abandon your cabin. 1126 00:39:27,733 --> 00:40:00,767 It's every man for himself now. 1127 00:40:00,767 --> 00:40:01,400 Narrator: Captain Smith is 1128 00:40:01,400 --> 00:40:03,800 last seen on the bridge. 1129 00:40:03,800 --> 00:40:04,267 He will go down 1130 00:40:04,267 --> 00:40:11,033 with the ship. 1131 00:40:54,533 --> 00:40:55,167 The Titanic finally sinks 1132 00:40:55,167 --> 00:41:03,200 to the bottom of the ocean. 1133 00:41:03,200 --> 00:41:03,800 Bride is one of fifteen 1134 00:41:03,800 --> 00:41:05,500 hundred people that are 1135 00:41:05,500 --> 00:41:09,333 plunged into the icy ocean. 1136 00:41:09,333 --> 00:41:09,933 Attorney General: How did you 1137 00:41:09,933 --> 00:41:12,067 come off from the boat deck? 1138 00:41:12,067 --> 00:41:12,567 Bride: Swept off with a 1139 00:41:12,567 --> 00:41:14,267 collapsible boat. 1140 00:41:14,267 --> 00:41:14,867 Attorney General: And was the 1141 00:41:14,867 --> 00:41:16,500 water rising all the time? 1142 00:41:16,500 --> 00:41:18,067 Bride: Yes. 1143 00:41:18,067 --> 00:41:18,500 Attorney General: And 1144 00:41:18,500 --> 00:41:19,067 then the water was flush 1145 00:41:19,067 --> 00:41:20,567 with the boat deck? 1146 00:41:20,567 --> 00:41:22,100 Bride: Yes. 1147 00:41:22,100 --> 00:41:22,500 Attorney General: 1148 00:41:22,500 --> 00:41:23,067 And swept this boat off into 1149 00:41:23,067 --> 00:41:25,967 the sea and you with it. 1150 00:41:25,967 --> 00:41:28,067 Bride: Yes. 1151 00:41:28,067 --> 00:41:28,567 The last I saw of Philips he 1152 00:41:28,567 --> 00:41:33,633 was standing on the deckhouse. 1153 00:41:33,633 --> 00:41:34,233 Attorney General: So then you 1154 00:41:34,233 --> 00:41:36,067 found yourself in the water, 1155 00:41:36,067 --> 00:41:42,367 what happened next? 1156 00:41:42,367 --> 00:41:42,967 Narrator: Both Bride and 1157 00:41:42,967 --> 00:41:44,300 Lightholler manage to stay 1158 00:41:44,300 --> 00:41:44,967 out of the water by clinging 1159 00:41:44,967 --> 00:41:49,067 onto an upturned lifeboat. 1160 00:41:49,067 --> 00:41:49,633 They will eventually be 1161 00:41:49,633 --> 00:42:14,833 picked up by another lifeboat. 1162 00:42:14,833 --> 00:42:15,367 Two hours after the 1163 00:42:15,367 --> 00:42:17,233 Titanic sinks the 1164 00:42:17,233 --> 00:42:17,733 Carpathia arrives 1165 00:42:17,733 --> 00:42:18,367 in the early morning light 1166 00:42:18,367 --> 00:42:24,333 to rescue passengers. 1167 00:42:24,333 --> 00:42:25,067 Bride survives, suffering with 1168 00:42:25,067 --> 00:42:30,233 only frostbite on the feet. 1169 00:42:30,233 --> 00:42:30,933 The Carpathia arrives too late 1170 00:42:30,933 --> 00:42:33,067 for his friend and colleague, 1171 00:42:33,067 --> 00:42:42,300 Philips, who dies in the sea. 1172 00:42:42,300 --> 00:42:42,767 Of the 1523 that 1173 00:42:42,767 --> 00:42:45,467 die that night, 1174 00:42:45,467 --> 00:43:01,733 only 328 bodies are recovered. 1175 00:43:01,733 --> 00:43:02,233 Most are buried at 1176 00:43:02,233 --> 00:43:05,200 Fairview cemetery. 1177 00:43:05,200 --> 00:43:05,833 Many of the bodies cannot 1178 00:43:05,833 --> 00:43:07,533 be identified and are 1179 00:43:07,533 --> 00:43:12,833 simply marked with a number. 1180 00:43:12,833 --> 00:43:13,200 Cmdr. Rogerson: 1181 00:43:13,200 --> 00:43:15,067 It was mostly men who died, 1182 00:43:15,067 --> 00:43:15,433 but that doesn't 1183 00:43:15,433 --> 00:43:17,200 mean it was only men. 1184 00:43:17,200 --> 00:43:17,633 That was part of the 1185 00:43:17,633 --> 00:43:19,867 tragedy, that there were 1186 00:43:19,867 --> 00:43:20,400 women and children in the 1187 00:43:20,400 --> 00:43:23,267 water and not in the 1188 00:43:23,267 --> 00:43:23,633 lifeboats was a 1189 00:43:23,633 --> 00:43:28,133 part of that tragedy. 1190 00:43:28,133 --> 00:43:28,600 There were quite a few 1191 00:43:28,600 --> 00:43:29,467 children and women 1192 00:43:29,467 --> 00:43:29,833 who did not make 1193 00:43:29,833 --> 00:43:41,700 it into the lifeboats. 1194 00:43:41,700 --> 00:43:42,333 Narrator: The findings of 1195 00:43:42,333 --> 00:43:43,533 the inquiry are that the 1196 00:43:43,533 --> 00:43:44,167 ship was traveling at excessive 1197 00:43:44,167 --> 00:43:47,267 speed in an ice region, 1198 00:43:47,267 --> 00:43:47,733 but none of the 1199 00:43:47,733 --> 00:43:49,867 crew are at fault, 1200 00:43:49,867 --> 00:43:50,533 they were only carrying out 1201 00:43:50,533 --> 00:43:53,733 standard practice for the time. 1202 00:43:53,733 --> 00:43:54,367 It is recommended that in 1203 00:43:54,367 --> 00:43:56,067 the future the number of 1204 00:43:56,067 --> 00:43:56,567 lifeboat accommodation 1205 00:43:56,567 --> 00:43:57,067 be sufficient for 1206 00:43:57,067 --> 00:44:02,333 all persons on board. 1207 00:44:02,333 --> 00:44:02,800 But the inquiry 1208 00:44:02,800 --> 00:44:04,133 makes no mention of the 1209 00:44:04,133 --> 00:44:04,733 British Board of Trade's 1210 00:44:04,733 --> 00:44:16,467 out-of-date safety regulations. 1211 00:44:16,467 --> 00:44:16,900 Paul Louden-Brown: I 1212 00:44:16,900 --> 00:44:17,933 think the inquiry was a 1213 00:44:17,933 --> 00:44:18,267 white wash, a 1214 00:44:18,267 --> 00:44:19,400 complete white wash. 1215 00:44:19,400 --> 00:44:19,933 You have a board of trade 1216 00:44:19,933 --> 00:44:24,633 in effect inquiring into a 1217 00:44:24,633 --> 00:44:25,133 disaster that is largely 1218 00:44:25,133 --> 00:44:27,833 of its own making. 1219 00:44:27,833 --> 00:44:28,400 Narrator: The inquiry 1220 00:44:28,400 --> 00:44:29,567 finds that Ismay had not 1221 00:44:29,567 --> 00:44:30,133 influenced the Captain 1222 00:44:30,133 --> 00:44:32,400 over speed and is 1223 00:44:32,400 --> 00:44:32,900 not at fault over 1224 00:44:32,900 --> 00:44:35,767 the design of the ship. 1225 00:44:35,767 --> 00:44:36,333 The press would brand 1226 00:44:36,333 --> 00:44:36,967 Ismay a coward for taking 1227 00:44:36,967 --> 00:44:39,900 a place in a lifeboat. 1228 00:44:39,900 --> 00:44:40,467 He resigns as Chairman 1229 00:44:40,467 --> 00:44:41,067 six months later and 1230 00:44:41,067 --> 00:44:45,800 dies at the age of 74. 1231 00:44:45,800 --> 00:44:46,433 The inquiry of 1912 is not 1232 00:44:46,433 --> 00:44:49,300 able to solve the mystery 1233 00:44:49,300 --> 00:44:49,900 of why the Titanic sinks 1234 00:44:49,900 --> 00:44:52,767 so quickly nor could it 1235 00:44:52,767 --> 00:44:53,300 conclude how a chain 1236 00:44:53,300 --> 00:44:53,900 of events and decisions 1237 00:44:53,900 --> 00:44:57,933 cause the disaster. 1238 00:44:57,933 --> 00:45:00,733 The sixteen lifeboats. 1239 00:45:00,733 --> 00:45:04,267 The height of the bulkheads. 1240 00:45:04,267 --> 00:45:04,700 The change in 1241 00:45:04,700 --> 00:45:07,467 the ship's direction. 1242 00:45:07,467 --> 00:45:08,100 The wireless message that 1243 00:45:08,100 --> 00:45:12,133 no officer would receive. 1244 00:45:12,133 --> 00:45:12,533 The wireless 1245 00:45:12,533 --> 00:45:15,167 message that is ignored. 1246 00:45:15,167 --> 00:45:15,800 The Californian switching 1247 00:45:15,800 --> 00:45:19,067 off its wireless. 1248 00:45:19,067 --> 00:45:19,633 The lack of binoculars 1249 00:45:19,633 --> 00:45:22,333 in the crows nest. 1250 00:45:22,333 --> 00:45:22,933 And the iceberg that is 1251 00:45:22,933 --> 00:45:25,067 born at the same time as 1252 00:45:25,067 --> 00:45:25,633 the Titanic and against 1253 00:45:25,633 --> 00:45:28,533 all odds travels further 1254 00:45:28,533 --> 00:45:31,867 south than is thought possible. 1255 00:45:31,867 --> 00:45:32,500 But it will take nearly a 1256 00:45:32,500 --> 00:45:34,433 hundred years to reveal 1257 00:45:34,433 --> 00:45:35,067 the fatal flaw located in 1258 00:45:35,067 --> 00:45:38,067 the hull of the Titanic, 1259 00:45:38,067 --> 00:45:38,600 which causes her to 1260 00:45:38,600 --> 00:45:40,733 sink so quickly, 1261 00:45:40,733 --> 00:45:41,167 just two hours 1262 00:45:41,167 --> 00:45:44,067 away from rescue.